Cholinergics
bethanechol, pilocarpine
Turns on parasympathetic activity, so secretions and smooth muscle activity increase while heart rate may slow.
Review medication classes by system with examples, plain-language mechanism, adverse effects, nursing actions, hold cues, antidotes, and NCLEX pearls.
Showing 28 medication class cards
all content needs reviewbethanechol, pilocarpine
Turns on parasympathetic activity, so secretions and smooth muscle activity increase while heart rate may slow.
atropine, benztropine, oxybutynin, ipratropium
Blocks parasympathetic activity, so secretions dry up, heart rate can rise, and smooth muscle spasms decrease.
levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
Calms abnormal neuronal firing so seizures are less likely to start or spread.
carbidopa-levodopa, pramipexole
Boosts dopamine signaling to improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor.
pyridostigmine, neostigmine
Keeps acetylcholine active longer at the neuromuscular junction to improve muscle strength.
metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, carvedilol
Blocks beta stimulation so heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure can decrease.
diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine, nicardipine
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and, for selected agents, slows AV node conduction.
lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, valsartan
Reduces angiotensin effect so vessels relax and aldosterone-driven sodium and water retention decreases.
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, mannitol
Moves fluid out through the kidneys; the exact electrolyte effect depends on the class.
amiodarone, adenosine, lidocaine
Changes cardiac electrical conduction to terminate or prevent unsafe rhythms.
heparin, enoxaparin, warfarin, apixaban
Reduces clot formation by interfering with the coagulation cascade.
aspirin, clopidogrel
Makes platelets less sticky so arterial clots are less likely to form.
nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate
Dilates veins and coronary vessels to reduce workload and improve oxygen supply-demand balance.
albuterol, ipratropium, salmeterol, tiotropium
Opens narrowed airways by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle or reducing vagal bronchoconstriction.
prednisone, methylprednisolone, fluticasone, hydrocortisone
Suppresses inflammation and immune activity; systemic use affects glucose, infection risk, and adrenal response.
lispro, regular insulin, NPH, glargine
Moves glucose from blood into cells; also shifts potassium into cells when used with dextrose for hyperkalemia.
levothyroxine
Replaces thyroid hormone to restore metabolic function.
methimazole, propylthiouracil
Reduces thyroid hormone production so the high-metabolism state calms down.
oxytocin, methylergonovine, carboprost, misoprostol
Stimulates uterine contraction to support labor or clamp down bleeding after birth.
magnesium sulfate
Depresses neuromuscular excitability and stabilizes seizure risk in severe preeclampsia/eclampsia.
penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, macrolides
Targets bacterial growth or cell structures; exact teaching depends on the antibiotic class.
acyclovir, oseltamivir
Interferes with viral replication; exact target and timing depend on the antiviral.
sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, amitriptyline
Changes neurotransmitter availability to improve mood symptoms over time.
haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine
Modulates dopamine and other neurotransmitters to reduce psychosis, agitation, or mania.
lorazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide
Enhances GABA, the brain's braking system, to reduce excitability.
naloxone
Competes at opioid receptors and can rapidly reverse opioid effects.
omeprazole, pantoprazole, famotidine
Reduces stomach acid so irritated tissue can heal and reflux symptoms decrease.
lactulose
Traps ammonia in the gut and promotes stooling so ammonia levels and confusion can improve.