ACE inhibitors / ARBs
lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, valsartan
Reduces angiotensin effect so vessels relax and aldosterone-driven sodium and water retention decreases.
Review medication classes by system with examples, plain-language mechanism, adverse effects, nursing actions, hold cues, antidotes, and NCLEX pearls.
Showing 34 class cards and 79 drug cards
all content needs reviewlisinopril, enalapril, losartan, valsartan
Reduces angiotensin effect so vessels relax and aldosterone-driven sodium and water retention decreases.
tamsulosin, doxazosin, terazosin
Relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate, bladder neck, and blood vessels so urine flow or blood pressure can improve.
amiodarone, adenosine, lidocaine
Changes cardiac electrical conduction to terminate or prevent unsafe rhythms.
penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, macrolides
Targets bacterial growth or cell structures; exact teaching depends on the antibiotic class.
atropine, benztropine, oxybutynin, ipratropium
Blocks parasympathetic activity, so secretions dry up, heart rate can rise, and smooth muscle spasms decrease.
pyridostigmine, neostigmine
Keeps acetylcholine active longer at the neuromuscular junction to improve muscle strength.
heparin, enoxaparin, warfarin, apixaban
Reduces clot formation by interfering with the coagulation cascade.
metoclopramide, ondansetron, promethazine, scopolamine
Reduces nausea through different pathways, including serotonin, dopamine, histamine, muscarinic, cannabinoid, and NK1 receptor effects.
levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
Calms abnormal neuronal firing so seizures are less likely to start or spread.
diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, promethazine
Blocks histamine effects; first-generation agents also cause sedation and anticholinergic drying.
atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin
Lowers cholesterol production or improves lipid profile to reduce long-term plaque and vascular risk.
aspirin, clopidogrel
Makes platelets less sticky so arterial clots are less likely to form.
haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine
Modulates dopamine and other neurotransmitters to reduce psychosis, agitation, or mania.
methimazole, propylthiouracil
Reduces thyroid hormone production so the high-metabolism state calms down.
acyclovir, oseltamivir
Interferes with viral replication; exact target and timing depend on the antiviral.
lorazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide
Enhances GABA, the brain's braking system, to reduce excitability.
metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, carvedilol
Blocks beta stimulation so heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure can decrease.
albuterol, ipratropium, salmeterol, tiotropium
Opens narrowed airways by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle or reducing vagal bronchoconstriction.
diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine, nicardipine
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and, for selected agents, slows AV node conduction.
bethanechol, pilocarpine
Turns on parasympathetic activity, so secretions and smooth muscle activity increase while heart rate may slow.
prednisone, methylprednisolone, fluticasone, hydrocortisone
Suppresses inflammation and immune activity; systemic use affects glucose, infection risk, and adrenal response.
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, mannitol
Moves fluid out through the kidneys; the exact electrolyte effect depends on the class.
carbidopa-levodopa, pramipexole
Boosts dopamine signaling to improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor.
omeprazole, pantoprazole, famotidine
Reduces stomach acid so irritated tissue can heal and reflux symptoms decrease.
lispro, regular insulin, NPH, glargine
Moves glucose from blood into cells; also shifts potassium into cells when used with dextrose for hyperkalemia.
lactulose
Traps ammonia in the gut and promotes stooling so ammonia levels and confusion can improve.
magnesium sulfate
Depresses neuromuscular excitability and stabilizes seizure risk in severe preeclampsia/eclampsia.
nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate
Dilates veins and coronary vessels to reduce workload and improve oxygen supply-demand balance.
ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac, aspirin
Reduces prostaglandin-mediated pain and inflammation; many agents can also affect platelet function, stomach lining, and kidney blood flow.
oxytocin, methylergonovine, carboprost, misoprostol
Stimulates uterine contraction to support labor or clamp down bleeding after birth.
naloxone
Competes at opioid receptors and can rapidly reverse opioid effects.
alprostadil, misoprostol, carboprost
Acts like prostaglandin signaling; the newborn cardiac use keeps the ductus arteriosus open while definitive care is arranged.
sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, amitriptyline
Changes neurotransmitter availability to improve mood symptoms over time.
levothyroxine
Replaces thyroid hormone to restore metabolic function.
Antiviral / Nucleoside analog
Acyclovir renal hydration teaching is a source-highlighted target.
Antiarrhythmic / SVT conversion agent
Adenosine requires rapid IV administration with immediate flush and ECG monitoring.
Short-acting beta2 agonist / Bronchodilator
No improvement after rescue bronchodilator is a priority.
Antiarrhythmic / Class III potassium channel blocker
New dyspnea or cough can signal pulmonary toxicity.
Calcium channel blocker / Dihydropyridine
Syncope or severe hypotension after dosing is priority.
Penicillin antibiotic / Aminopenicillin
Anaphylaxis beats routine antibiotic completion teaching.
Anticoagulant / Direct factor Xa inhibitor
No routine INR monitoring does not mean no bleeding risk.
Antiemetic / NK1 receptor antagonist
Rash with mucosal involvement is not a minor side effect.
NSAID / Antiplatelet / Salicylate
Tinnitus can be a salicylate toxicity clue.
Beta blocker / Beta1-selective adrenergic blocker
Hold and question severe bradycardia or symptomatic hypotension.
Antilipidemic / HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Muscle pain with dark urine can indicate rhabdomyolysis.
Macrolide antibiotic
Sepsis treatment should not be delayed once cultures are obtained per order.
Inhaled corticosteroid
Inhaled steroids prevent inflammation; they do not rescue acute bronchospasm.
ACE inhibitor
Angioedema beats routine BP teaching.
Dopaminergic agent / Antiparkinson medication
Late Parkinson medication can look like sudden functional decline.
Beta blocker / Alpha1 and nonselective beta adrenergic blocker
Acute pulmonary edema or worsening dyspnea is priority.
Cephalosporin antibiotic
Anaphylaxis beats routine antibiotic completion teaching.
Antihistamine / Second-generation H1 receptor antagonist
Drowsiness can still occur with cetirizine.
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Fluoroquinolone tendon and QT cautions are high-yield.
Antiplatelet / P2Y12 receptor inhibitor
Bleeding risk rises when combined with aspirin or anticoagulants.
Nonopioid antitussive
Antitussives and respiratory suppression are an Upper Respiratory study target.
Calcium channel blocker / Non-dihydropyridine
Bradycardia with hypotension or altered mental status is priority.
Antihistamine / First-generation H1 receptor antagonist
Airway swelling is the priority, not routine antihistamine teaching.
Cholinesterase inhibitor / Cognitive enhancer
Acute confusion is delirium until proven otherwise.
Alpha blocker / Alpha1 adrenergic antagonist
First-dose syncope is a classic alpha-blocker safety cue.
Antiemetic / Cannabinoid
Hallucinations, severe confusion, syncope, or chest pain are priority findings.
Anticoagulant / Low molecular weight heparin
Renal impairment increases accumulation and bleeding risk.
H2 receptor antagonist / GI acid reducer
GI bleeding cues outrank routine heartburn teaching.
Second-generation antihistamine / H1 receptor antagonist
Antihistamine sedation and anticholinergic burden are OTC source targets.
Corticosteroid / Inhaled or intranasal corticosteroid
Steroid inhalers require mouth rinsing.
Long-acting beta2 agonist bronchodilator
Rescue inhaler comes before controller inhaler during acute symptoms.
Loop diuretic
Low potassium plus digoxin raises dysrhythmia risk.
Aminoglycoside antibiotic
Aminoglycoside trough and toxicity are source-highlighted targets.
Expectorant
Breathing difficulty beats comfort symptoms.
Typical antipsychotic
Fever plus rigidity plus autonomic instability suggests NMS.
Anticoagulant / Unfractionated heparin
Protamine sulfate is the classic heparin reversal concept.
Thiazide diuretic
Hypokalemia is the classic thiazide safety cue.
NSAID / Nonopioid analgesic / Antipyretic
Black stools or coffee-ground emesis after NSAID use is a priority bleeding cue.
Long-acting insulin / Antidiabetic
Basal insulin can still cause hypoglycemia even without a meal-time peak.
Rapid-acting insulin / Antidiabetic
Low glucose or no meal available is a hold-and-question cue.
Anticholinergic bronchodilator
Eye pain/halos after nebulizer exposure is a glaucoma cue.
Nitrate / Antianginal
PDE-5 inhibitor plus nitrate can cause life-threatening hypotension.
Beta blocker / Alpha1 and beta adrenergic blocker
Wheezing after labetalol is a priority.
Thyroid hormone replacement
Chest pain or new tachydysrhythmia after thyroid replacement needs escalation.
ACE inhibitor
Angioedema is an airway emergency.
Antihistamine / Second-generation H1 receptor antagonist
Second-generation does not mean zero sedation risk.
Benzodiazepine / Anxiolytic / Anticonvulsant
Airway and breathing concerns override anxiety symptoms.
ARB / Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Pregnancy is a hard stop for ACE/ARB teaching.
Electrolyte replacement / Anticonvulsant for preeclampsia/eclampsia
Absent reflexes, respiratory depression, or very low urine output are toxicity cues.
Osmotic diuretic
New crackles during mannitol can mean pulmonary edema.
Antithyroid medication
Fever plus sore throat on antithyroid therapy is an agranulocytosis cue.
Antiemetic / Dopamine receptor antagonist
Involuntary movements, dystonia, or mental status change after dosing is not routine nausea care.
Beta blocker / Beta1-selective adrenergic blocker
Check pulse and BP before giving.
Calcium channel blocker / Dihydropyridine
Hypotension after nifedipine is priority.
RSV monoclonal antibody / Respiratory syncytial virus prevention agent
Breathing difficulty beats comfort symptoms.
Nitrate / Antianginal
PDE-5 inhibitor plus nitro can cause life-threatening hypotension.
Proton pump inhibitor / GI acid reducer
Severe watery diarrhea after acid suppression can be a C. difficile cue.
Antiemetic / Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
Palpitations or syncope after an antiemetic may signal QT trouble.
Antiviral / Neuraminidase inhibitor
Start antivirals early when prescribed for flu-like illness.
Uterotonic / Oxytocic
Stop or question oxytocin for tachysystole or nonreassuring fetal tracing per protocol.
Antiepileptic / Hydantoin anticonvulsant
Ataxia and nystagmus can indicate toxicity.
Dopamine agonist / Antiparkinson medication
Falling asleep during activities is a safety cue.
Systemic corticosteroid
Steroids reduce inflammation but can mask infection.
Antiemetic / Antihistamine
Respiratory depression with a sedating antiemetic is an airway priority.
Antithyroid medication
Jaundice on PTU is a high-priority safety cue.
Anticholinesterase / Cholinergic medication
Respiratory muscle weakness is priority.
Short-acting insulin / Antidiabetic
Potassium too low before IV insulin is a protocol safety cue.
Antiviral / Nucleoside analog
Breathing difficulty beats comfort symptoms.
Antilipidemic / HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Dark urine with muscle symptoms is priority.
Long-acting beta2 agonist bronchodilator
Rescue inhaler comes before controller inhaler during acute symptoms.
Antiemetic / Anticholinergic
Eye pain or halos after patch exposure can indicate angle-closure glaucoma.
SSRI antidepressant
More energy may return before mood improves, so safety planning matters.
Potassium-sparing diuretic / Aldosterone antagonist
Spironolactone spares potassium, so high K is the danger.
Alpha blocker / Alpha1A adrenergic antagonist
First-dose or dose-change orthostasis can cause falls.
Long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator
Rescue inhaler comes before controller inhaler during acute symptoms.
Antiepileptic / Mood stabilizer
Abdominal pain plus vomiting can signal pancreatitis.
ARB / Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Pregnancy with an ARB is a high-priority medication safety cue.
Glycopeptide antibiotic
Sepsis treatment should not be delayed once cultures are obtained per order.
Anticoagulant / Vitamin K antagonist
Severe headache or neurologic change can signal intracranial bleeding.